Саакян ответы к упражнениям
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Преподаватели общеобразовательных учреждений, старшеклассники, абитуриенты, студенты, люди, самостоятельно изучающие или совершенствующие свой английский язык, могут в сжатой и наглядной форме получить знания по основным явлениям грамматического строя современного английского языка. Произведение относится к жанру Учебная, методическая литература и словари. Articles with Geographical Names. I am tasting the soup to understand if I should add some more salt. Множество упражнений - от разнообразных тестовых заданий до переводов - направлено на тренировку и применение полученных знаний на практике.
Никакая часть даннойкниги неможетпереиздаваться илираспространяться в любойформе илюбыми средствами, электронными или механическими, включая фотокопирование, звукозапись, любыезапоминающие устройства и системы поиска информации, без письменногоразрешенияправообладателя. ISBN 978-5-8112-2292-6 Пособие содержит базовый теоретический ипрактический курс грамматики современногоанглийскогоязыка длястудентовпервогоивторогокурсовфакультетовиностранныхязыков. Данное учебное пособие является составной частью комплекта учебников «Практическийкурсанглийскогоязыка» подредакциейпрофессораВ. С, 1980 © Айрис-пресс,2007 СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие....................................................................................................................... Types of Sentences according to the Aim of Communication............................................ Types of Sentences according to Their Structure.............................................................. The Main Members of the Sentence. The Subject, 11 the Predicate. The Secondary Members of the Sentence: the Object, 12 the Attribute, the Adverbial Modifier.... The Use of Articles with Geographic al Names................................................................... The Use of Articles in With-, Like-, In-phrases..................................................................... Other Means 54 of Expressing Future Actions......................................................................................... The Rules of the Sequence of Tenses............................................................................. Kinds of Sentences according to the Purpose of the Utterance. Kinds of Sentences 66 according to Their Structure Unit 2 The Main Members of the Sentence. The Number of the Noun and the Formation 74 of the Plural Unit 5 The Article. The Equivalents of the Definite and the Indefinite Articles...................................................................................................... Articles with Nouns in the Main Syntactical Functions. Personal, Possessive 80 and Demonstrative Pronouns................................................................................................... Unit 7 The Simple Present Tense. The Possessive Case of the Noun. The Simple Present Tense. The Gender 87 of the Noun 4 Unit 9 The Use of Articles with Countable and Uncountable 91 Unit 10 Nouns. The Simple Present Tense.................................................................. The Simple Present and the Simple Future Tense.. Articles with Nouns Modified by Descriptive and Limiting Attributes. Unit 15 Articles ……………………………………………………………………... Articles with Geographical Names. Articles with the Names of Meals................................................................... The Simple Past Tense........................................ The Simple Past Tense. Articles with Nouns in Apposition.................................. Articles with Nouns in Apposition.................................. The Simple Past and the Past Progressive Tenses. The Future Progressive Tense Expressing a Matter-of-CourseAction. Articles in with-, like-, in-phrases................................................................... Articles with Nouns Denoting Parts of the Day and Names of Seasons.......................................... The Generic Use of the Definite Article..................................................................................... The Present Perfect Progressive Tense.......................................................................................................... Articles with the Nouns Bed, School, Table, Town, Jail, Prison, Hospital, University, College … ………………. Revision Of Articles ………………………………………………………………… 204 Unit 43 The Past Perfect Progressive Tense. Adjectives As Adverbs ……………... The Sequence of Tenses........................................ The Sequence of Tenses................................................ The Sequence of Tenses. The Sequence of Tenses................................................. The Future Perfect Progressive. Articles with Uncountable Nouns................................. The Use of Past Tenses............................................. Theory and Practice for Beginners является базовым теоретическим и практическим курсом грамматики современного английского языка для студентов первого и второго курсов факультетов английского языка, студентов колледжей, а также для широкого крута лиц, изучающих английский язык самостоятельно. Данное учебное пособие состоит из двух частей — теоретической и практической. Первая, теоретическая часть, представляет собой последовательное изложение основного теоретического объема знаний, необходимого для овладения строем языка и формирования навыков устной и письменной речи. Вторая, практическая часть, представляет собой поурочную разработку, состоящую из 60 уроков. Порядок расположения грамматического материала по урокам соответствует последовательности его изучения. При введении нового грамматического материала сначала предлагаются упражнения аналитического характера, затем даются тренировочные и коммуникативные задания, направленные на выработку у студентов навыков употребления изучаемого грамматического материала в речи. Данное учебное пособие построено на основе фактического материала, представляющего собой современный литературный и разговорный язык Великобритании и США. Предлагаемая книга представляет собой пятое исправленное и дополненное издание учебного пособия, используемого с 1980 года на факультетах иностранных языков английских отделениях , на факультетах начальных классов и дошкольного воспитания, биолого-химическихфакультетах, в педагогических колледжах Москвы, а также в ряде вузов Российской Федерации — Пскова, Барнаула, Волгограда, Рязани, Воронежа. Part I THEORY In richness, good sense, and convenience, no other of the living languages may be put beside English. Jakob Grimm Language is a means of human communication. Language is also the most basic and marvellously complex instrument of culture. Try to imagine a world without language. In fact, you cannot do so, because language is perhaps the most ancient heritage of the human race. Language exists only when it is listened to as well as spoken. Language shows a man: speak and I'll say who you are. Language has great power. It can bring us together, it can praise, delight, inspire. But it can also hurt, offend, destroy. The English language consists of three constituent parts: the phonological system, the lexical system, the grammatical system. Phonetics is a science which studies the phonic system of the language sounds, intonation, etc. Lexicology is a science which studies the word-stock of the language, -itsbuilding material words, phrases, etc. You can have perfect pronunciation and the richest vocabulary imaginable, but you won't be able to speak a language if you don't know how to make up sentences with the help of which we communicate, that is if you don't know the grammar of the language. Grammar is a science which studies the structure of the language. The two parts of English Grammar are: Morphology and Syntax. Morphology deals with parts of speech. Syntax studies the sentence, different types of sentences and their meanings. In Old Greek grammar schools the term was transferred to Grammar to stress the importance of word order in the sentence. Every sentence has modality, which shows the speaker's attitude towards reality. Sentences are classified on two principles: according to the aim of communication and according to their structure. Types of Sentences according to the Aim of Communication According to the aim of communication sentences may be declarative , interrogative , and imperative. Declarative sentences express statements, facts in the affirmative or in the negative form. In the English language the word order in declarative sentences is very strict. The subject usually precedes the predicate. If the verb is transitive, the direct object immediately follows the verb. If there are two objects — direct and indirect — the indirect object is placed before the direct one. Interrogative sentences ask for some information. There are the following types of interrogative sentences in English: 1. It asks whether the statement is positive or negative and requires an affirmative or a negative answer. It may refer to any word in the sentence and it begins with an interrogative word Who? Why is she so cross with you? A special question to the subject What? Who knows the answer? Which of them helps you? Do you learn French or Spanish? A disjunctive question a tag question. It is a very short question which follows the statement and repeats its meaning. If the statement is affirmative, the question is negative; if the statement is negative, the question is affirmative. You aren't happy, are you? He never smokes, does he? She smokes, doesn't she? Question tags are often used in conversations to invite agreement. I am not lucky, am I? Imperative sentences express commands, requests and invitations. The imperative mood of the verb is formed with the help of the infinitive without the particle to. The imperative mood for the first and for the third persons is formed with the help of the verb let. In the negative form the auxiliary verb do is used. Don't let's do it. Will you is the only possible form after a negative imperative. Don't interfere, will you? Any of the three kinds of sentences mentioned above may become exclamatory. Exclamatory sentences express strong feelings such as surprise, joy, annoyance, grief. They begin with the exclamatory words What and How. How fine the day is! How happy you look today! How good this news is! Types of Sentences according to Their Structure According to their structure sentences may be divided into simple, compound and complex. A simple sentence can be extended or unextended. A sentence, which consists only of a subject and a predicate is called unextended. We had a talk. A sentence which has some secondary parts is called extended. A compound sentence consists of two or more coordinated simple sentences. It was late, and I was tired. How I wish it were true and I hadn't imagined it all. Although it was hard work, I enjoyed the job. The Main Members of the Sentence. The Subject, the Predicate. Types of Predicate A sentence may have main and secondary members. The main members of the sentence are: the Subject and the Predicate. The Subject of the sentence is the topic being discussed. The Subject may be expressed by personal pronouns, nouns, indefinite pronouns, infinitives, gerunds, substantivised parts of speech. A doctor should be competent. To know you is a privilege. Traveling broadens your mind. The unknown is always interesting. The Predicate of the sentence is what is said about the subject. According to its meaning the predicate may be either verbal or nominal. Predicate Verbal Nominal We study We are students. The Verbal Predicate denotes an action and is expressed by a finite verb in a simple or a compound tense form. Verbal Predicate Simple Compound Aspective Modal He works She can He began is working, may, should, must... The Nominal Predicate expresses facts, states, qualities, characteristics it cannot denote an action.
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